Instructions
Look at the mount first of all. An authentic cameo will be set in silver or gold rather than a base metal. Precious metals can be identified by the presence of a hallmark. If the cameo is glued into the mount, then you're handling a cheap resin example. (For more help with silver and gold marks, see Resources.)
Hold the cameo up to a light source. A shell cameo will be translucent. This is also a very good way of spotting any cracks or other damage.
Check the back. The rear of a shell cameo will be concave -- i.e., curving inwards. A flat back with striations is a sure sign of a resin fake.