Back Lighting
A back light is a light coming from behind the photographic subject. The back light may either be stationed directly behind the subject, or at a 45-degree angle. A direct back light can bring out small details in a subject, such as tiny hairs. At a 45-degree angle, the back light creates shadows on the subject and makes angles more prominent, which results in a more mysterious and dramatic image. When pointing a camera directly into a back light, use a lens hood to reduce glare.
Reflectors
A reflector can be any reflective surface, such as a mirror or silver foil. It will counter the shadowy effect of a back light, lending a brighter lighting tone to your subject. You can also use partial reflection, with the reflector not fully turned toward the light. This will soften the image. Professional fashion photographers regularly use white umbrella reflectors stationed behind the subject, reflecting the light over a wide area to eliminate any possible shadows.
Diffused Light
You can place a filter -- called a diffuser -- over your lens to soften the natural light around your subject. If there is no diffuser handy, an ordinary semi-transparent substance such as tissue paper can serve the same purpose. Use a white, non-tinted material for your diffuser, unless you want to lend a particular color to the image. Diffusers are often used to counteract harsh sunlight during a midday photo shoot. When using a diffuser, it is best to place your subject in front of a muted or darker background to avoid bright highlights from the surrounding area.
Paramount Lighting
Paramount lighting, a technique used in portrait photography, produces a butterfly-shaped shadow under the subject's nose to lend symmetry and glamour. This is achieved by placing the key light, your primary lighting source, above and close to the subject. The fill light, which fills in the shadows produced by the key light, should be adjusted under the key light to an optimal position. A reflector can also be used to eliminate shadows on the subject's neck and chin.