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pH
Measure the pH of the tank water with a pH strip or testing device to determine the level of alkalinity or acidity. Saltwater fish usually require an alkaline pH between 8.0 and 8.3. To raise the pH, add a commercial buffer or baking soda. Partial water changes and the removal of uneaten food and fish waste products on a regular basis will help keep the pH within range.
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia in the salt water aquarium, the most common killer of tropical fish, is a byproduct of decaying organic matter, such as fish waste products, uneaten food and dead fish. With this toxic chemical in the water, the circulatory systems of the fish have a decreased ability to carry oxygen. The fish become stressed and more susceptible to bacterial infections. Any detectable amount of ammonia in the water when tested needs to be addressed. Partial water changes, introducing fish to the aquarium one or two at a time, regular maintenance and cycling a new aquarium will help keep ammonia out of the tank.
Chlorine/Cloramines
The chemicals that make tap water safe for humans to drink are harmful to fish. Use Deionized, reverse osmosis water, available at an aquarium supply store or at some grocery stores, or distilled water. Dechlorinators and chlorine neutralizers can also be used. Pure water is necessary to maintain the health of your fish.
Nitrates (NO3)
For tropical fish, the nitrate level should be less than 5 ppm (parts per million). Nitrates are primarily produced by Nitrobacter bacteria. High levels of nitrates make the fish more susceptible to disease and encourage algae bloom. Mangrove plants feed on nitrates and organic matter and can help keep the nitrate level low. Denitrifying filters and regular water changes are also effective.
Nitrites (NO2)
Nitrosomonas bacteria in the bacterial filter produce nitrites as a byproduct of the breakdown of ammonia. The level of nitrites in the aquarium water should be undetectable after the first cycling. Nitrites destroy the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. Check the biological filter or determine whether the tank is overpopulated.
Salinity
Salt (sodium chloride-NaCl) makes up about 30 percent of ocean water. The level of salinity is determined by measuring the specific gravity and conductivity of the tank water using a hydrometer or electronic probe. Salt water is denser and conducts electrical current better than fresh water due to a higher concentration of minerals. The specific gravity should measure between 1.020 and 1.025.