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Proportion
Strive for an off-center placement of the subject of the image. The rule of thirds is a basic component of composition in the study of photography. When taking a photo, divide the frame into horizontal or vertical thirds depending on the subject. Place the subject in an outer third of the frame, as opposed to the center. According to professional photographer Colin FitzGerald, using the rule of thirds can instantly boost the photo, as "for some reason, the eye finds it more engaging."
Lighting
Well-composed photographs require sufficient lighting to achieve a crisp, sharp final effect. Bright, sharp images are more attractive than a dark, blurry frame. Consider converting the image into black and white to further sharpen the contrast. Light is a critical component of a razor-sharp image; the camera shutter moves slower in dim light. Maximize natural or artificial lighting to achieve the sharpest final effect, particularly when working with fast-moving children or animals.
Angle
Photographers well-versed in the art of composition are often experts at exploring a variety of angles to maximize the image. The composition of a photo can be vastly improved by moving outside the eye level or the limits of the tripod. Try photographing from a position low to the ground, or climb to capture an image from above. Experimenting with angles can emphasize the large or small size of the subject of the photo, resulting in highly dramatic images.
Background
Avoid distracting the viewer from the subject of the image by taking photos in front of a busy background. Simplicity is a large component of creating appealing photographs of people and animals. Professional photography backdrops aren't required, though they can be easily emulated with cotton sheets. Whenever possible, use plain backgrounds such as blank walls. When photographing outdoors, adjust the focus of the camera to create a shallow field depth. Focusing only as far as the subject will create a blurred background.