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Polarizing Filters
Polarizing filters reduce or eliminate reflections from "non-metallic" surfaces like water or glass. They also darken blue skies and help reduce haze in the picture.
Yellow Filters
Yellow filters are often the first choice for black and white photographers because they enhance the appearance of clouds in the sky by darkening the sky's blue color spectrum. A yellow filter also improves the look of skin tones in black and white pictures.
Orange Filters
Similar to yellow filters, orange filters further darken blue skies and enhance the presence of clouds. The filters penetrate haze and fog and improve tone surrounding foliage. An orange filter reduces the amount of light that is entering the camera. However, it may fool the internal light meter because it is only affecting certain wavelengths and not the entire spectrum. Increasing the exposure by one full stop will accommodate the reduction of light.
Red Filters
Red filters provide the most dramatic effects on black and white photography. Blue skies record as black, causing white clouds to become very dominant and present. The filter will penetrate haze and fog when used to photograph foliage or it will increase the tonal range providing a very bold picture. A red filter further restricts the amount of light entering the camera, requiring the photographer to increase exposure by one to two full stops.