What Kind of Cells Are Found in Dermal Tissue?

Keratinocytes

• The outermost layer of skin, called the epidermis, is actually made up of five layers of keratinocyte cells. These columnar cells are formed in the innermost layer and flatten as they are pushed up into the other layers by newly formed cells. By the time the cells reach the outer layer, they are dead and are shed approximately every two weeks.

Melanocytes

• Melanocytes, one of the specialized cells found in the epidermis, produce a pigment called melanin, which is responsible for skin color. The amount of melanin produced varies among individuals and provides protection from harmful UV radiation.

Langerhans Cells

• Another type of specialized cell contained within the epidermis is the Langerhans cell, which make up about two to five percent of the epidermis. These cells are derived from bone marrow and detect antigens that have breached the epidermis. When Langerhans cells find foreign bodies, they capture them and deliver them to lymph nodes in the dermis for neutralization and disposal.

Merkel Cells

• The final type of cell found within the epidermal layer, Merkel cells are found between keratinocytes and comprise six to ten percent of the epidermal cells. These are the only cells that remain in contact with nerve endings and are involved in perceiving touch.

Fibroblasts

• The primary type of cell in the dermis is called a fibroblast. Thicker than the epidermis, the dermis is made up of a tight mesh of collagen and elastin fibers. Both of these proteins, which are critical for proper skin function, are produced by fibroblasts.

Muscle Cells

• All hair follicles are located in the dermis, along with the erector pili muscles that are attached to each follicle. When these specialized muscle cells contract, they make the hair stand on end, a condition commonly referred to as goose bumps. The erect hairs trap air, which helps with heat retention. In other animal species, such as porcupines and cats, erect hairs or quills make the animals appear more intimidating.

Nerve Cells

• Unlike the epidermis, the dermis is fully enervated, meaning it contains nerve cells. These cells process itches, pain and temperature. Also found in the dermis are specialized nerve cells, known as Meissner's and Vater-Pacini corpuscles, which sense touch and pressure, respectively.