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Proximity to the Sun
Venus is closer to the sun than any other planet except Mercury and so receives more heat and sunlight than any other planet except Mercury. This is probably why water does not exist on the planet. Water would have absorbed some of the carbon dioxide that is prevalent in the atmosphere and helped to avert the greenhouse effect that has occurred on Venus, which makes this planet so hot.
Atmospheric Composition
Venus' atmosphere is toxic. It is largely composed of carbon dioxide, 3.5 percent nitrogen and a half percent of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. It is covered with heavy clouds that are seeded with sulfuric acid and sulfur crystals. These clouds prevent any gasses from escaping and contribute to the runaway greenhouse effect the atmosphere has on the planet.
Infrared Radiation
When a planet receives sunlight, some of the light is absorbed and reflected back as infrared radiation. When there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this infrared radiation is trapped and continues to heat the planet in a vicious cycle. The Venusian temperature is so hot that it has forced sulfur, fluorine and chlorine out of the existing rocks and these vapors have combined to form the sulfuric gases in the atmosphere, which contribute to heating the planet.
Plate Tectonics
The movement of the different continental plates on Earth is one reason why Earth is able to regulate the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into our atmosphere. But Venus' continental plates are stationary and are incapable of trapping any carbon dioxide under the surface. Hence the carbon dioxide continues to collect in the atmosphere and continues to heat up the planet.