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From Sunlight to Food
Cyanobacteria share in the general ecological importance of the vast group of photosynthetic aquatic organisms known as algae. By capturing solar radiation and converting it to stable forms of stored energy, cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for consumers that feed upon them. Furthermore, photosynthesis is a fundamental component of the natural cycle that maintains a desirable balance of elements in the atmosphere. Cyanobacteria thus contribute to the well-being of the entire planet by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
A New Atmosphere
According to certain theories, cyanobacteria are some of the most important organisms in all of biological history. One of these theories states that the astonishing abundance of life that covers the Earth is possible only because the metabolic activity of ancient cyanobacteria created the oxygen-rich atmosphere that is now considered essential for most life forms. Another theory asserts that higher plants are capable of photosynthesis because their cells formed a mutually beneficial relationship with cyanobacteria, which eventually evolved into the photosynthetic cellular structures known as chloroplasts.
Nitrogen Factories
Nitrogen is considered a limiting nutrient. This means that the supply of nitrogen is often unable to support the optimal growth and health of the organisms in a particular ecosystem. A typical home garden is a prime example: most gardeners regularly apply nitrogen fertilizers because the soil's natural nitrogen content cannot support the high productivity expected from an intensively planted vegetable plot. Cyanobacteria are important members of the nitrogen cycle because they belong to the relatively small group of organisms that can absorb nitrogen from the immense supply in the atmosphere and convert it to a form that nourishes plants.
Bacterial Gasoline
Human beings have also come to directly appreciate the benefits of cyanobacteria. A specific type of cyanobacteria known as spirulina is an important cultivated crop in some parts of the world. It is highly productive and rich in protein, vitamins, minerals and various other health-promoting substances. The productivity of cyanobacteria has recently been noticed by scientists who are investigating potential raw materials for biofuels, which are made from renewable sources and might reduce the world's dependence on fossil fuels. Researchers believe that cyanobacteria could yield 100 times more biofuel per acre than common raw materials such as corn and sunflowers.