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Hyporheic Zone
The interface between underground aquifers and surface flowing rivers and streams is known as the hyporheic zone. It's composed of sediments where river and stream water and groundwater from the aquifer exchange and mix. This zone is important for cycling carbon and pollutants and as a habitat for riverine life. Flooding can alter conditions in the hyporheic zone by introducing more surface contaminants or silt, which blocks water flow.
Flooding
Long periods of sustained rainfall will, inevitably, flood aquifers, since increased volumes of water will penetrate the ground, causing water tables to rise above normal levels. The flooding will initially be invisible, since it is taking place underground, but continued infiltration of water may cause it to emerge at ground level, possibly inundating surrounding areas.
Impact
Underground flooding can impact building foundations, sewers and underground transportation systems. Flooded sewers can cause an overflow of contaminated and untreated waste and water into streets and property, posing a major health hazard. Most of the damage from flooded aquifers occurs in built-up urban areas, but the excess water can also decimate agricultural livelihoods as crops are flooded and livestock drowned. The economy of a region in general can also suffer, as numerous communities struggle to recover from flood damage to a wide area.
Contamination
As floodwaters seep back into the ground as flooding subsides, they take with them toxins from industrial and agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, petroleum products, hazardous waste and road salts.