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Connection Strength
Organic compounds are defined by the strength of the forces holding the particles together. This determines other macroscopic physical traits, such as melting and boiling temperatures. Carbon is unique in that it readily forms covalent bonds, showing a tendency to share electrons with other elements. Intermolecular forces are generally weaker, and are dependent on polarization as well as the size of the electron cloud of each compound.
Solubility
The type of bond affects the electrical charge of a molecule, therefore dictating the molecule's polarity. The ability to dissolve in polar or non-polar solvents generally depends on whether or not the compound itself contains polar groups. Most organic compounds are insoluble in water but will dissolve in a non-polar solvent such as diethyl ether. Solubility characteristics differ from simply liquefying because solubility may occur due to potential chemical reactions.
Structure
The molecular structure of a compound is also indirectly related to atomic bonds. Molecules occasionally combine because of these forces, creating macromolecules. Properties can form three-, two- or one-dimensional macromolecules. Weight also dictates the appearance of the compound. A low molecular weight is found in gases, such as methane, and a higher weight forms liquids like ethylene glycol, and the highest weights are found in solids.
Classification
All organic compounds burn. When fire is introduced, carbon dioxide and steam are created, and the resulting flame helps determine the type of organic compound, whether it be aliphatic or aromatic. Testing results for each type of characteristic has allowed the millions of organic compounds to be sorted into an efficient classification system. For example, one large group of organic compounds consists of the hydrocarbons, which are defined by containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. These are broken down further by how the atoms themselves connect.