The History of the Dolomite Mountains

Geological History

• Before the Dolomites formed, the region was covered by the tropical Tethys Sea, which connected the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In some areas, exposed shell and other sea fossils still cover the rocks today. Approximately 30 million years ago the African and European plates collided, forming much of the Alp range including most of the Dolomites. The eastern-most regions formed far earlier in the Triassic period, approximately 200 to 250 million years ago. The mountains are composed primarily of three types of rock: limestone, volcanic and dolomitic.

Early Human History

• The Dolomites were first settled around 8,000 BC. Lasting settlements have been documented around the Iron Age between 1700 and 15 B.C. The Ladin language still in use today evolved from the mixture of Latin with the local language which began in 15 B.C when Romans entered the region. Roman influence also meant road and town construction along with population growth. Yet it was as recent as the 1700s when explorers and eventually railroads made the area more accessible.

The First World War

• Between 1915 and 1917, Austrian and Italian armies fought in the Dolomites. Extensive networks of tunnels were constructed to move troops and supplies through the range. Both armies endured terribly cold winters among the mountains, and each dug tunnels in efforts to surprise attack the opposing army. Soldiers suffered from attrition on both sides. By the time the fighting ceased, 6400 Italian soldiers and 1800 Austrian soldiers had died.

1956 Winter Olympics

• The Winter Olympics were scheduled to be held in 1944 in Italy, but World War II caused postponement until 1956. They were held in the town of Cortina d'Ampezzo, sometimes called the "bowl" because of its valley shape. The small town quickly shifted from a quiet population of less than 5,500 residents to a world resort shuttling in up to 7,000 visitors each day. Hotels, inns, restaurants and athletic facilities were constructed between 1955 and 1956. The Olympic games were considered a major success.

Contemporary Dolomites

• The history of the Dolomite Mountains has left a lasting impact. The tunnels constructed by the Austrian and Italian armies now attract hikers in areas such as Lagazuoi and Castelletto della Tofana. The Olympic games of 1956 helped shape the region into a year-round athletic center and resort. Winter sports like skiing and summer sports like hiking and mountain biking are popular in and around Cortina d'Ampezzo. The region's natural beauty continues to attract sightseers as well.