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Depth-to-Diameter
Cut refers to the shape of a diamond that has been prepared for retail sale. Preparation of rough gemstones is something of an art, and a good lapidary can transform even modestly sized diamonds into appealing presentations. The relationship of depth to diameter can make a smaller weight appear larger by emphasizing its girth. A heavier stone may stand farther off a mount and weigh more by virtue of its length.
Faceting
Faceting is the aspect of gemstone cutting that refers to the many flat edges on the surface of a stone. It has a critical role in the performance of the stone as light plays differently depending on the cut. The goal is to contain as much light as possible within the stone by controlling the angles at which it bounces off the inner surfaces. Diamonds with superior facets appear larger than stones of substandard cut.
Shape
Round brilliant represents the most popular cut of diamond -- the quintessential pyramid shape that stands off the base of a ring mount. This is so for good reason: A round brilliant cut allows for a maximum balance between carat weight and brilliance. A diamond of identical carat weight in princess or emerald cut, for instance, would likely appear smaller when set into an engagement ring. Other cuts tend to emphasize clarity and color.
Girdle
A diamond's girdle is the narrow band between the stone's crown and the top of the point. With a girdle that is too wide, a higher carat weight appears smaller with no benefit to its performance. It is a waste of precious stone weight. Cut diamonds are widest at the girdle and stacking weight there has only a nominal impact on the performance of light entering the stone.