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Sulfuric Acid Salts
Sulfuric acid is the most widely produced inorganic industrial chemical in the world. Its chemical formula is H2SO4, so when it reacts with a base like sodium hydroxide, it forms a salt called a sulfate, which contains the sulfate ion (SO4, with a charge of -2). There are many different sulfate salts. Combining sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid, for example, produces sodium sulfate or sodium bisulfate. Potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid yield potassium sulfate. Ammonia and sulfuric acid produce ammonium sulfate. Copper (II) oxide and sulfuric acid make copper (II) sulfate. Magnesium sulfate and calcium sulfate are common salts of sulfuric acid as well.
Hydrochloric Acid Salts
The salts of hydrochloric acid are numerous -- just as with sulfuric acid, you can probably find some of them around your home. The most common is sodium chloride -- table salt -- which is formed in the lab by combining sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. Other common salts include calcium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, lithium chloride, ammonium chloride and barium chloride; these can be produced from bases like calcium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonia and barium hydroxide, respectively.
General Rules
Nature always prefers to go from stronger acid + stronger base ---> weaker acid + weaker base. Consequently, if you combine a strong acid with a weak base, you'll typically get an acidic salt, i.e., a salt that is weakly acidic. Mix hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) with ammonia (a weak base) and you get ammonium chloride, a weakly acidic salt. If you mix hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide (a strong base), by contrast, you get a neutral salt, NaCl, which does nothing to the pH of its solution. Adding hydrochloric acid to the weak base sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, makes sodium chloride; it also makes carbonic acid, but because carbonic acid is in equilibrium with dissolved CO2, much of the excess carbonic acid breaks down into CO2 and bubbles out of the solution.
Applications of Common Salts
Calcium chloride is a popular de-icer for roads, sidewalks and driveways. Magnesium sulfate is available at your local supermarket, where you'll probably find it labeled as Epsom salt. Some sulfate salts find use as fertilizers, most notably potassium sulfate and ammonium sulfate; the latter is also useful in biochemistry as a way to precipitate proteins from a solution by increasing salt concentration. Potassium chloride is useful for making fertilizers and also for pharmaceuticals; its most unusual application is as a lethal injection in executions.