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Photochemical Smog
Photochemical smog forms when sunlight strikes the particulates in the atmosphere, triggering a reaction. The particulates turn to foul chemicals such as ozone and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be harmful to humans.
Particulates
Particulates sometimes come from natural sources such as dust, pollen and fungal spores. They may also come from human activity such as burning coal or diesel fuel. Some of the respiratory ailments caused by particulates include emphysema, bronchitis and lung cancer. The solid or liquid particulates in the air scatter visible light, giving the air a hazy appearance.
Carbon Monoxide
The natural sources creating carbon monoxide include methane produced from decaying organic material that oxidizes as it rises up in the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide also comes from human sources such as fossil fuels burned in internal combustion engines and coal-based electricity plants. Carbon monoxide obstructs hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body.
Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons and VOCs are emitted by tree and plant oils, from leaking fuels that were not completely burned or weren't burned at all, and from industrial solvent evaporation, including benzene. The fumes from these substances can be toxic and may cause cancer.
Ozone
Ozone, created naturally in the stratosphere, filters out damaging ultraviolet light. However, at lower levels of the atmosphere, ozone is caused by light-induced decomposition of organic compounds and nitrogen oxide mixed with stagnant air and sunlight, or by ozone interference from the stratosphere. Ozone causes respiratory ailments (i.e. coughing, wheezing) and eye irritation. It also reduces plant growth and crop yields. It can damage plastic products and decay rubber. Ozone is distinguished by its sharp, chlorine smell. A concentration of 0.1 parts per million causes a 50 percent reduction in photosynthesis.
Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitrogen oxides are created by natural sources such as electrical storms and biological processes, as well as by human activities. For example, internal combustion engine heat triggers chemical reactions between atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are respiratory irritants.
Oxides of Sulfur
Sulfur oxides come from volcanoes and decaying organic materials that produce hydrogen sulfides which then oxidize. Burning sulfur-based coals in smelters and power plants also contributes to these pollutants, which are respiratory irritants.