The Effects of Golden Algae

Effects on Water

• During an algal bloom, in which golden algae population increases dramatically in a relatively short period of time, water color can turn from green to yellow. The water also foams when agitated. These characteristics will disappear after a golden algae bloom is over. Although the temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen levels, pH and conductivity of the water are not affected, the water may appear more clear because the golden algae toxins kill off the unicellular organisms that cloud the water.

Effects on Clams

• Golden algae toxins are particularly deadly to clams, which cannot move to less polluted areas of a water body. After an algal bloom, clam populations are naturally reintroduced to a water body from areas upstream that were not affected by the toxins. Some species of clams, though, can take a long time to reach sexual maturity, and it can take many years for their populations to recover.

Effects on Fish

• The toxins created by golden algae cause exposed cells, such as those on the surface of a fish's gills and fins, to die. Once those outermost cells have been damaged, they leave inner cell layers vulnerable to the toxins. As the cycle of exposure and death continues, the gills become so badly damaged that they cannot function. Fish are deprived of oxygen and bleed from damaged gills and fins. The toxins also enter a fish's circulatory system, damaging its internal organs. Eventually, the fish dies.

Effects on Birds and Mammals

• Golden algae toxins have no effect on animals that do not breathe through gills, such as birds and mammals. These animals can drink water containing golden algae and eat fish killed by a golden algae bloom with impunity. Researchers believe this is because the toxins break down and become harmless under acidic conditions, such as in the stomach. Terrestrial animals also have thicker skin, which protects their cells from the toxins. Although golden algae is not known to be a human health problem, the Texas Department of State Heath Services advises against picking up or eating dead or dying fish.