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Materials for a Terrestrial Ecosystem
Start with a container such as an aquarium or a large glass jar or bottle, covering its bottom with an appropriate substrate. For a woodland ecosystem, the Utah Education Network recommends first putting down a mixture of charcoal, sand and pebbles and then applying a layer of soil. For a desert ecosystem, put down a mixture of soil, sand, aquarium gravel and charcoal, then apply a layer of sand. You can also add twigs and rocks to complement the setting.
Terrestrial Ecosystem Plants and Animals
Mosses, ferns, earthworms, beetles, crickets, caterpillars and toads are good choices for a woodland ecosystem. Cacti, desert tortoises or horned lizards are appropriate for a desert ecosystem.
Creating an Aquatic Ecosystem
Cover the bottom of your aquarium or other container with gravel or small stones. To create a pond ecosystem, the Utah Education Network suggests a three-layer substrate: first sand, then charcoal and finally soil. Shells, stones and sticks make suitable decorations. Add some aquatic plants and aquatic animals, such as fish, snails, crayfish or water insects.