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Supply Shocks
Large fluctuations in supply, particularly shortages, especially of commodity goods like oil and food can be a cause of stagflation. This will cause prices of goods to rise due to higher demand, as well as a reduction in economic growth, as commodity goods can affect the bottom line production costs of almost every industry. Supply can also be affected by war and political upheaval.
Monetary Policy
If the supply of money rises too rapidly at a rate not in relation to economic growth, it will contribute to stagflation. Monetary policy, like fixing interest and mortgage rates, is controlled by large central banks in most nations. It is their responsibility to issue currency at a level representative of economic progress to stave off inflation. Central banks, as well as monetary policy, can face pressure from political agendas.
Effects
Some effects of stagflation are unemployment, rising prices in all goods, all with a very slow recovery process. Stagflation may also lead to volatility and lack of confidence in markets, leading to even more reactionary maneuvers by central banks, such as changing interest and exchange rates.
Recovery
The effects of stagflation are much worse than recession and inflation experienced separately, as there is no easy fix. Recessionary conditions call for central banks to cut interest rates and increase government spending, however, these can lead to more inflation, which is half of the problem when dealing with stagflation.