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Karst Topography
Karst topography specifically refers to the study of land formations that are caused by the dissolution of bedrock, usually the reaction of water and limestone. Karst topography concerns both shapes above and below ground. The topography more widely regarded as typical only concerns itself with the surface. Not all caves fall under the domain of Karst topography.
Glacier Caves
Glacier caves are large tunnels formed at the mouth of glaciers. They're formed by runoff from the glacier that seeps into the underlying rock, widening cracks as it goes. Glacier caves are only accessible when the top is frozen, otherwise they're filled with water. The running water can create intricate patterns on the walls of the cave.
Sea Caves
Sea caves are formed by the action of waves against a rock surface. Slowly, the water erodes the rock and may form a cave. A related type of cave, Eolian caves are caused by the wind eroding a rock surface. Usually Eolian caves form at a natural small cave in the rock. The wind then creates a vortex inside the preexisting cave and widens it without affecting the size of the entrance. These caves are larger than the entrance might suggest. These types of caves are common in the desert.
Solution Caves
Solution caves are largely the domain of Karst topography. Solution caves are formed when water or, in rare cases, oil interacts with a bedrock of limestone or dolomite. All of these types of rock are soluble in water. When the water seeps out of the bedrock, it may leave a cave behind.