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Igneous Ore Deposits
Subterranean volcanic activity results in rocks forming below the surface of the earth. Cooling magma creates a setting in which minerals rise and sink, depending on their weight. Heavier elements move down as light ones rise towards the top. Igneous ore sites may yield coarse-grained rocks that make removing its materials easier.
Porphyry Ore Deposits
Near the edge of igneous rock bodies reside rocks exposed to a significant amount of underground water derived from rainfall. When the water becomes hot, it leaches metals from the surrounding rocks it encounters. The circulating metal-rich water cools and forms veins with metals in them. Once wind and water erode away the tops of these rock areas, a porphyry copper deposit may emerge.
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Hydrothermal ore deposits contain veins of recoverable copper, lead, zinc, gold, platinum, silver and uranium. As magma cools and crystallizes, fluids and water escape and carry dissolved metals and salts through rocks. The heated fluids also leach existing metals from surrounding rocks while traveling through them.
Sedimentary Ore Deposits
The largest source of iron on earth comes from sedimentary ore deposits. They consist of thin iron oxides layers and are thought to be the result of the Earth's developing atmosphere. Usually 2 billion years old, the deposits contain iron that formed without rusting due to an absence of oxygen exposure.