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Ozone
Ozone is an isotope of oxygen that makes up an important protective layer in the upper atmosphere. Internal combustion engines and other sources of air pollution create ozone as a byproduct, and at ground level ozone can irritate the lungs and aggravate lung diseases like asthma or emphysema. Certain types of atmospheric conditions can trap ozone near the ground on especially hot days, making this an extremely dangerous pollutant and a primary concern for the EPA.
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a gas that affects the body̵7;s ability to process oxygen. When it enters the bloodstream, the molecules bond with hemoglobin and prevent it from carrying oxygen through the body, and in high enough concentrations, this can be fatal. People who suffer from cardiovascular disease are particularly susceptible to carbon monoxide and should avoid heavy traffic and other sources of the gas during days when the AQI is at unhealthy levels.
Sulfur Dioxide
Regions served by coal- or oil-burning power plants may have unhealthy levels of sulfur dioxide in the air. This gas is an irritant and can cause inflammation of the mucous membranes and lungs. Signs of sulfur dioxide exposure resemble an asthma attack, with wheezing, shortness of breath and a tight feeling in the chest, and those with pre-existing lung disorders are particularly vulnerable to the gas. Fortunately, normal lung function usually returns quickly once the exposure to sulfur dioxide ends.
Particulates
Particulate pollution is a catch-all category that covers a host of different types of pollutants. Ash particles from wood stoves or fires and aerosolized chemicals from industrial processes or road treatments are common particulate pollutants, as are the microscopic particles of rubber worn from the tires of cars and trucks on the roadways. When these particles are smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter, they represent a particularly dangerous threat, as they can pass into the lungs and cause irritation and damage. If the Air Quality Index in your area reports high levels of particulate pollution, you should stay indoors whenever possible and avoid any exertion outdoors until the air clears.