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Appearance
Scientists have been able to look at mitochondria under powerful microscope, and therefore identify certain characteristics of its appearance. Mitochondria are generally rod-shaped, but its shape varies depending on the shape of the cell. Each mitochondrion has two membranes, otherwise known as skins. The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is convoluted with many folds. Each fold is called as cistrae and increases the membrane's surface area. The membranes function to filter out certain molecules. In the middle of the cell is a matrix that contains enzymes enabling the mitochondria to perform its job.
Purpose
Mitochondria are the engine of an animal's cells. By performing a series of processes, the mitochondria enable an animal's cells to have energy to move around, divide and release secretory products, such as bile. This enables the animal to perform functions and ultimately survive. Mitochondria use glucose and oxygen to create this energy in a function known as aerobic respiration. They perform chemical reactions to turn nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides energy to the animal.
Energy Generation
Mitochondria absorb oxygen and use it to breakdown glucose, fats and other chemicals, which are sieved into the cell through the membrane. Mitochondria then produce carbon dioxide and water, which in turn form ATP. Plants also have mitochondria, but do not use oxygen to create energy.
Scientific Uses of Mitochondria
The DNA of mitochondria changes slowly compared to other cells, and therefore a useful for scientists researching human evolution. Mitochondria are often analyzed by forensic scientists to identify corpses or body parts from crime scenes. Mitochondria have also been linked to degenerative Alzheimer's disease and diabetes.