Check Connections
Always double-check that the HDMI cable is actually connected. Remove and re-insert the HDMI cable at both the PS3 and receiver/television to ensure a good connection. Look into the ends of the HDMI cables, ensuring that none of the pins inside are bent. Re-insert the cables straight in to prevent bent pins. If you still fail to hear anything, replace the HDMI cable with a new one.
Expectations
The PS3 doesn't offer simultaneous audio output via HDMI and optical, so verify that you're attempting to listen to the correct cable. If both cables are inserted, verify that "HDMI" is checked under the "Audio Output Settings" in the "Settings" menu, if it's the cable chosen for output. Otherwise, remove the optical cable you know you're not using to eliminate future confusion.
Internal Settings
Verify that all audio formats are checked in the "Audio Output Settings" list. The PS3 will automatically play the format present on the disc if this is chosen. Of course, you can select the preferred audio format from the disc menu. Using the SCART or A/V Multi-Output connector allows only stereo playback. Replace this cable with optical or HDMI to enable additional options, and check the correct audio cable choice in the "Audio Output Settings" list.
Reciever and Television Settings
Verify that the receiver or processor in use has an optical or HDMI input properly assigned. You must enter the receiver's menu in most cases, assigning the input for the cable type you wish to use. Verify the proper steps using the receiver's manual, if you're unsure. Failure to assign an HDMI input in a surround receiver for sound, for example, may show a picture but fail to produce audio.